Hydrochlorothiazide 58-93-5
Hydrochlorothiazide, abbreviated HCTZ, HCT, or HZT, is a first line diuretic drug of the thiazide class that acts by inhibiting the kidneys' ability to retain water. This reduces the volume of the blood, decreasing blood return to the heart and thus cardiac output and, by other mechanisms, is believed to lower peripheral vascular resistance. Hydrochlorothiazide is sold both as a generic drug and under a large number of brand names, including Apo-Hydro, Aquazide H, Dichlotride, Hydrodiuril, HydroSaluric, Microzide, Esidrex, and Oretic. Hydrochlorothiazide is also used in combination with many popular drugs used to treat hypertension such as Diovan HCT, Zestoretic, Benicar HCT, Atacand HCT, and Lotensin HCT and others.
Mechanism of action
Hydrochlorothiazide belongs to the thiazide class of diuretics, acting on the kidneys to reduce sodium (Na) reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule. The major site of action in the nephron appears on an electroneutral Na+-Cl- co-transporter by competing for the chloride site on the transporter. Thiazides increase the reabsorption of calcium in this segment in a manner unrelated to sodium transport. . Contrary to popular belief, thiazide diuretics do not work by increasing lumen osmolarity and thereby inducing an osmotic diuresis. Rather, thiazide diuretics, (and all other pharmacologic diuretics), decrease serum osmolarity, which leads the brain to decrease the body's water intake and increase urination to return osmolarity to normal.
Indications
HCTZ is often used in the treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure, symptomatic edema and the prevention of kidney stones. It is effective for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and is also sometimes used for hypercalciuria, Dent's disease and Ménière's disease. For diabetes insipidus, the effect of thiazide diuretics is presumably mediated by a hypovolemia-induced increase in proximal sodium and water reabsorption, thereby diminishing water delivery to the ADH-sensitive sites in the collecting tubules and reducing the urine output. Hypokalemia, an occasional side effect, can be usually prevented by potassium supplements or by combining hydrochlorothiazide with a potassium-sparing diuretic. Thiazides are also used in the treatment of osteoporosis. Thiazides decrease mineral bone loss by promoting calcium retention in the kidney, and by directly stimulating osteoblast differentiation and bone mineral formation.
Side effects
| Systematic (IUPAC) name: | 6-chloro-1,1-dioxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide |
|---|---|
| Hydrochlorothiazide CAS number: | 58-93-5 |
| ATC code: | C03AA03 |
| PubChem: | 3639 |
| DrugBank: | |
| Formula: | C7H8 N3O4 |
| Molecular mass: | 297.74 g/mol |
| Hydrochlorothiazide Assay/Purity: | Typically NLT 98% |
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